Important new SNPs for Dinarics

The Dinaric group is a very large paternal haplogroup centered in Eastern and Central Europe, at various times it has been known as I-P37.2, I-P37.2xM26, I-M423, I-L69.2, I-L147.2, I-L621, I-CTS10228 etc. (and some of these names are not completely accurate). Currently we call it I-CTS5966.

We have found the first important SNPs to divide the Dinaric group, see the tree below. The most important SNP is S17250. So far, 5 Dinaric-North people are S17250- and 7 Dinaric-North people are S17250+. And all 5 Dinaric-South people who have done the test are S17250+.

S17250 is now available at FTDNA for order as an individual SNP, if you are already a FTDNA customer with 12 or more marker results, you can order it from the bottom of your Y-DNA....Haplotree & SNPs page.

You can also order S17250 from http://www.yseq.net/ and no prior testing is required at this company. And S17250 is included as part of the Chromo2 test at BritainsDNA/ ScotlandsDNA/ IrelandsDNA/ YorkshireDNA http://www.britainsdna.com/

How to read the tree above: the long numbers like 15531354 are positions on the Y chromosome and the letter/number codes like S17250 are the name of the SNP found at that position. At right, the numbers like 76814 are FTDNA kit numbers, all of these people did the expensive Big Y test which covers all of these SNPs. Thanks to the FTDNA Polish Project administrator and Zdenko Markovic of the I2a Project for analyzing the Big Y data and preparing this tree.

Evidence for a small "Out of Sardinia" migration?

Around 40% of men living on the island of Sardinia belong to the I-M26 haplogroup, which is much less common in other places. Paolo Francalacci sequenced the Y chromosomes of hundreds of Sardinian men of all haplogroups, and found thousands of new SNPs, and arranged the men into a tree. Unfortunately I haven't been able to find a version of his tree that shows all the SNPs on each branch, but I think it is clear that all the I-M26 men living in his study belong to the more specific I-PF4189 branch.

The designers of the Genographic 2.0 test did have access to Dr. Francalacci's discoveries, and they included many of his PF series SNPs. I know of over 50 I-M26 men who have taken the Geno 2.0 test, and 45+ of them belong to other branches, not to I-PF4189 (and these 45+ men have paternal ancestry from Spain, the Azores, France, mainland Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Britain, Ireland, Belgium).

But six men do belong to I-PF4189 and they have ancestry from Sardinia and Malta, but also from Germany and England. See the attached tree--the two German men belong to different branches of I-PF4189, and they share several downstream SNPs with the Sardinian men from Francalacci's study, and one shares many SNPs with a Sardinian-American man in the FTDNA I2a Project.

I don't think this is recent (last 500 year) migration from Sardinia or because of adoptions etc. in Germany or America, one of the German men has STR marker similarities to other Germans who have not yet done the Geno 2.0 test indicating a long presence in Germany.

Was this an out of Sardinia migration? Or did the Sardinians and Germans both come from a founding population on the mainland of Europe?

Big discoveries in I-P37.2 tree

(Click on tree to enlarge--if you are having problems seeing everything, maybe try downloading it (with right click then save maybe) and then open the tree)

The relationships of the major branches of I-P37.2 are now known. These five branches and their nicknames:
M26  (Sardinian)
M423 (Dinaric, Disles, Isles)
L1286 (Alpine and L233 Western)
L880 (Northern France)
L1294 (France)

The key SNPs that show the history of these branches are:
CTS595,  S21825, and  L1286. The importance of each of these was learned in a different way:
CTS595 was included in the Geno 2.0 test
S21825 was included in the Chromo2 test at www.britainsdna.com and their chief scientist Jim Wilson released 2000 anonymous results in January. Ken Nordtvedt compared these results. See the most recent Chromo2P37 tree at Ken's website.
Finally, L1286 was discovered back in 2012 in a WTY (Walk Thorough the Y) by Thomas and Astrid Krahn back when they were at Family Tree DNA. For a long time we thought that only the Alpine and the I-L233 Western groups were L1286+, but then Zdenko Markovic noticed that not all I-P37.2 groups had tested it, and it turned out that the I-L880 "Northern France" group is also L1286+.

We used the nicknames "Sardinian" "Dinaric" etc. for many years because in many cases no SNPs were known to define the branches. For example, there were a few men with P37.2+ M26- M42- L233- results who all had a distinctive pattern of STR markers including DYS388=9. Many of the men had paternal origins from France (but others from Germany, Britain etc), so haplogroup I expert Ken Nordtvedt called the group P37.2*-"France" just to have an easy way to refer to the group.

Now all of the major groups have their own defining SNP and most of the subgroups do too. But very few of these SNPs are on the ISOGG tree. Zdenko Markovic joined the FTDNA I2a Project as co-administrator in January, and began coordinating the P37.2 part of the ISOGG tree at the same time. Thanks to his efforts several SNPs in the M423 area have been added to the ISOGG tree, and so has L880, and he's working on many more additions.

Updated I-L160 tree

We've had several sets of Geno 2.0 results and I have updated the tree for I-L160 (which is called I2a1b at FTDNA, it's part of I-M26 "Sardinian").

I've added CTS787 to the tree for the first time. I had omitted it on some earlier trees, it was thought to be equivalent to Z118. But now we have a person who is CTS787+ and negative for all downstream SNPs including Z118.

It's also become clear that there is a large and complex group of people who are PF4088+ and CTS11338-. There are several SNPs that have been found in this group, but so far they have each been found in only one family: L1299, PF5084, CTS8386. There are 8 people so far with PF4088+ CTS11338- results and they have 67 and 111 STR markers that are quite different from each other.

The top tree is thanks to Zdenko Markovic and the handwritten tree is my own--Bernie

Top level SNPs in I-P37.2

Click on tree to enlarge. There are five main branches of I-P37.2 and this tree shows how they are related:
the M423+ branch is CTS595-
and the other four branches (L1286, L880, L1294 and M26) are all CTS595+.

We still need to sort out these four CTS595+ branches. It's possible that PF3983 will be useful: we know that three branches are PF3983+ (these three branches are L880, L1294 and M26) but we aren't sure what the status of PF3983 is for the L1286 group. (We know that the M423 branch is PF3983-). But we have been unable to determine a PF3983 result for L1286 at Geno 2.0 or FTDNA, probably L1286+ people

have some mutation in the area of PF3983 that is interfering with the test.

Eventually we will have full Y/Big Y sequencing for all of these groups that will help us figure out the rest of the branching pattern. We have  multiple Big Y tests in progress for people in L621, L161, L233 and M26 but none for the other groups which are all much rarer.

We already have at least one Geno 2.0 result for every group except I-L1295 "France-Scotland", and we have learned a lot from Geno 2.0, especially for the L621, L161 and M26 groups. At this point I think we have learned most of what there is to learn from Geno 2.0, and I am recommending it mainly for people in the I-L160 group (which is part of M26).

(The top tree is thanks to Zdenko Markovic and the handwritten tree is my own--Bernie)

(from Sept 2013) Tree for I-L160

(from Sept 2013) Main branches of I-M26

All known I-M26 is either F1915+ or L672+. I-L672 is by far the larger group.

I-L672 can be L160+, PF6947+ or can be I-L672*, with the * meaning no known additional derived SNPs beyond L672.

I-L160 is by far the biggest group, and it has at least 10 SNP defined branches of its own, see the separate L160 tree.

I-PF6947 is a small group known only from Ireland.

All of the I-L672* "France" and "DYS413=19,22" groups and most or all of the "generic" group are more recently related to I-PF6947, not I-L160. We know this from 111 marker results, they share some distinctive marker values, in particular DYS532=9.